MENA Minorities

Interview in German with Swiss public radio (SRF) providing some background on the situation of the Druze in the occupied Golan Heights against the backdrop of the tragic rocket attack on Majdal Shams. Last month I was also cited in a piece on Middle East Eye  by Madeline Edwards about Walid Junblat's rhetoric towards Israel's Druze community: ...And though images of Sultan al-Atrash are common among Druze Israelis, Lang said, “I think what triggered Jumblatt was the usage of the pictures of his father. This is quite unusual. Memory is always selective - Kamal Jumblatt can be seen as a symbol of the Lebanese and pro-Palestinian left, and as a Druze leader, too."  But for Druze citizens of Israel, according to Lang, Kamal Jumblatt’s image is “not widely used.” ...

German daily Tagesspiegel (+) featured an inside article about the Druze community in Israel and the complex dialectic of loyalty vis a vis the state against the background of the war in Gaza, the nation state law and the Kaminitz law. Your's truly is cited as well. „Natürlich bin ich Araber. Aber zuallererst bin ich Israeli“ : Die Minderheit der Drusen und ihr besonderes Verhältnis zum Jüdischen Staat von Tristan Fiedler Mehr als jeder Vierte Israeli ist kein Jude. Neben muslimischen und christlichen Arabern gibt es Armenier, Beduinen, Bahai’i, Samaritaner, Aramäer und viele andere in dem Land. Eine der kleineren Minderheiten sind die Drusen. Die gut 140.000 Menschen machen wenige r als zwei Prozent der Bevölkerung des Landes aus . Doch das Verhältnis zwischen ihnen und dem Staat Israel ist ein ganz besonderes (....) Heute gilt das Drusentum als eigene Religion. Doch entstanden ist es im 11. Jahrhundert aus einer Abspaltung des schiitischen Islams...

Israel voted (again) on  March 23 so lets have a look at the Arab members of the new Knesset and possible successors: Likud (30 seats) Druze Fatin Mulla  from Yarka (28th slot) is currently deputy minister in the caretaker government and reenters the Knesset. Nael Zoabi , a former principal, was presented as the party's first ever Arab and Muslim candidate (39th slot). He and former Druze minister Ayub Qara (42nd slot) have only theoretical chances to become a MK's in the years to come due to resignations. Blue and White (8 seats) Mufid Marid (9th slot), a Druze military officer from Hurfaish on the Lebanese border has good chances to enter the Knesset in case his party makes it to government. The female Druze candidate of the last elections, outgoing MK Ghadir Mrih, switched over to Yesh Atid after  the coalition of Benny Gantz with Likud and recently announced a break from politics. Labor (7 seats) Controversial filmmaker ( "Lady Kul El-Arab" )  Ibtisam M...

The just elected twenty third Knesset has some remarkable features: - four Druze MKs will be sworn in on March 16, which means a high degree of overrepresentation of the Druze community (barley 1.6 per cent of the total population according to official numbers). The Druze members will be: Fateen (Fatin) Mulla from Yarka for the Likud. He had been elected before in 2019 and seems the be the new "Druze No.1 representative" of the Likud instead of former minister Ayoob Kara. Gadeer Mreeh (Ghadir Mrih) from Daliyat al-Karmal for Blue and White. The the my knowledge first female Druze parliamentarian in the Middle East ever had also been elected before in 2019. It's worth mentioning that her candidacy was not opposed by the religious leadership. Jabar 'Asakla from the Eastern Galilee town of Mghar for the Joint List. 'Asakla is a secretary of the communist dominated HADASH gathering. He had also been elected first in 2019. Hamad 'Amar from the city of  Sh...

Jordan based journalist Madeline Edwards has a nice article at Middle East Eye about the mere chaotic situation in Suwaida, I am briefly cited as well. ' Security chaos': Kidnappings and clashes threaten relative peace in Syria's Sweida   by  Madeline Edwards, Middle East Eye "... When protests broke out across Syria in 2011, they appeared too in Sweida.  Like elsewhere, citizen journalists and activists took to social media to tell the story of the war as it soon began to unfold. Opposition militias also sprang up.  And yet the Syrian government has largely spared Sweida the kind of mass arrests and bombing campaigns it waged elsewhere, seeing the province’s Druze as a politically sensitive minority group with whom it didn’t want to sour relations.  “Even though there was violence in Sweida too, the crackdown of the regime was not on the same scale of brutality as in other parts of the country,” says Tobias Lang, an analyst who has focused on Druze ...

Bellow you find some citations of myself from this summer, mostly in regard to the crucial attack on the Druze population of Suwaida' by ISIS which took place on July 25. Remember that about 30 woman and children are still hold captive by ISIS and no one seems to care. Syria's Druze minority: walking a war-time tightrope , Agence France Press (...) Syria's Druze have been split by the uprising that erupted in 2011 against President Bashar al-Assad, who had long portrayed himself as a protector of the country's minorities. Druze should not be seen "as being neutral in this war -- it's more multifaceted and the Druze are not a monolithic bloc," said Tobias Lang, an analyst focused on Druze populations in the Middle East. One of the first soldiers to defect from Syria's army in protest at its handling of demonstrations was Druze officer Khaldun Zeineddine, who later died in clashes against regime forces. Others remained firmly loyal, like Gene...

Former Israeli defense and foreign minister Moshe Arens states in his recent column at Haaretz that in Majdal Shams on the occupied Golan:  The Syrian flags are gone and Israeli flags are beginning to appear. Some 30 percent of the Druze residents of Majdal Shams have taken out Israeli citizenship, and the rest of the Druze villages seem to be following suit. I really wonder where Arens gets those numbers from. The most recent numbers I have seen were cited by i24News (thx to  Elizabeth Tsurkov  for the reminder) in February last year. Then the total number of naturalized citizens since 2011 from all four Druze villages on the occupied Golan was 151. Majdal Shams has currently around 8,800 inhabitants according to Wikipedia . Is it realistic that some additional 2,000 (conservatively estimated) have been naturalized over the last year? No. However, Arens might not be so wrong with his overall message, since, in the context of the war in...

"Once you smell the pipe Salman Natour is here" (S. Natou r ) (picture: Wikipedia) I have just read about the passing of writer Salman Natour, who had already died of a heart attack o n February 15. Natour was one of the most important contemporary Palestinian poets and playwrights but also a former journalist (most prominently with  the daily communist Arabic-language newspaper  Al-Ittihad ) , researcher (former director of the Emil Touma Institute for Palestinian and Israeli Studies in Haifa) and activist. He more or less gave up the latter occupations after suffering from a heart attack in 2005 and subsequently focused more on his poetry. Salman Natour was born in 1949 in the all-Druze village of Daliyat al-Karmal right next to Haifa. Despite being Druze and living in Daliyat for all - or most - of his life, he strongly identified with the Palestinian cause and was an outspoken opponent of Israeli Druze particularism in general and Dr...

Very interesting and profound lecture by  Alex Henley, the first American Druze Foundation Post-Doctoral Fellow at Georgetown University. Readers might remember that Lebanese Druze leader Walid Junblat had publicly opposed the establishment of this rather normal academic fellowship program for not really clear reasons.

Syria Druze faction detains regime security members by AlbinSzakola and Ullin Hope, Now (...)The Men of Dignity—which considers itself independent of both the Bashar al-Assad government and the opposition— announced Tuesday morning that Sheikh Anas Abu Hala had been detained the day before “at the Al-Masmiyeh checkpoint by the Military Intelligence [Directorate].”   “As a result security elements have been detained by the Men of Dignity [and will remain in our custody] until he is released,” the paramilitary group added. According to the statement, a prisoner swap will take place later Tuesday between the regime and the Men of Dignity.   The administration of the Men of Dignity’s Facebook page issued a clear warning to the regime not to detain any figures linked to the faction, which the regime’s Suweida security chief said he wanted to destroy in a leaked video late last year. (...)

Very insightful piece about Samir Quntar and the Golan Druze by Nour Samaha, I am briefly cited as well. Blurred Future by Nour Samaha, Newsweek Middle East (...) Who was Kantar and What Was He Doing in Syria? At the age of 16, Kantar, a Lebanese Druze, was sentenced by an Israeli court to five life terms plus 47 years for his role in a 1979 military operation in the northern Israeli town of Nahariya. He was eventually released in a prisoner exchange deal between Hezbollah and Israel in 2008.  He joined Hezbollah’s ranks soon after. Following the outbreak of the Syrian war in 2011, Kantar was tasked with heading up the Popular Syrian Resistance (PSR), an obscure group that was created in 2013. Backed by the Syrian government, and supervised and equipped by Hezbollah and Iran’s Revolutionary Guard, the PSR’s aim was to recruit local Syrians from the southern Quneitra province, near the Golan Heights. The recruits were tasked with carrying out operations ag...

F ormer Druze Knesset member Sa ʿ id Naffaʿ beg an his one year long prison term on Sunday ( see here for a video of the rally in front of the prison) . He was senteced for illigally visiting Syria in 2007 along with 282 Druze clerics and meeting the deputy head of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC) - a terrorist group according (not only) to Israeli law. in Syria 2007 The details of the affair, which has led to the conviction of Naffaʿ and to none of the 282 c lerics , are well known but this is also an opportunity to shine some light on his career and the political tendencies inside the Israeli-Druze community he repre sen t s . Naffaʿ is the most profiled politician the non-Zionist Druze faction has produced so far.  Sa ʿ id Naffaʿ Saʿid Naffaʿ was born in the all Druze Upper Galileein village of Bait Jann in 1953. Mandatory conscription was introduced for all male Druze except the religious ʿuqqal in 1956 and...

Likewise rumors have been circulating for a while but it was officially announced earlier this week: Sheikh Rafat al-Bal'us (Abu Yusuf) is the successor of his assassinated brother Wahid as leader of the autonomous minded Syrian Druze dignity movement. Sheikh Rafat, who was wounded at the bomb attack in September, is obviously still not in best shape. However, the movement is alive despite the elimination of most of its leadership. Even the formation of a new unit,  bayraq al-maqdad,  was announced. On the same occasion Fahad, the oldest son of Wahid al-Bal'us, also gave a speech in full combat dress, indicating that he might play a leading role in the future. Rafat al-Bal'us speech bayraq al-maqdad insignia   Druze figure takes up assassinated brother’s mantle, Now BEIRUT – Rafaat Balaous has taken over the leadership of Suweida’s Druze Sheikhs of Dignity movement, issuing a fiery statement blaming the Bashar al-Assad regime for the assassi...

An article titled "The Druze of Israel: Hope for Arab-Jewish Collaboration" by Jonathan Adelman appeared in the Huffungton Post on October 8. Adelman, a professor for International Studies at the University of Denver and frequent contributor to the Huff Post, argues that the Druze should serve as a role model for coexistence with the Jewish state. To some who are familiar with the actual situation of the Druze in Israel this might be a controversial point of view, but everyone is entitled to his/her opinion and it is a valid approach. The article is not problematic because of its line of argumentation or a certain bias, the problem is the accumulation of errors. The Druze of Israel: Hope for Arab-Jewish Collaboration by Jonathan Adelman, Huffington Post In the war-torn Middle East, it is rare to find two groups with different religions, nationalities and histories working together and developing a flourishing relationship. Yet, in Israel the strong relationshi...

Mazen Ezzi, editor of the Beirut-based Al Modon online newspaper and author of a series about the early days of the revolution in Suwaida , provides a full length analysis about the situation of the Druze community in Syria. The Arabic version has already been published in July, so the assassination of recently emerged Druze leader sheikh Wahid al-Bal'us (Abu Fahd) is not featured. Nevertheless, Ezzi provides some  interesting points especially regarding Bal'us and his "men/sheikhs of dignity" movement, making it more plausible why the regime might have perceived him as a threat. The Druze of Suwayda: The Embers of Dissent by Mazen Ezzi, Al-Jumhuriya English (...)Al-Balaous accused the Syrian regime of betraying the Druze and then he continued, talking about al-Assad, “If he cannot protect us, we do not want him. We will go to the presidential palace to topple him down.” A few days later, a statement by the three Sheikhs was issued, excommunicating al-Balao...

Syria's Druze reject calls for anti-government uprising by Nour Samaha, Al Jazeera English On September 5, Balous, a popular anti-government Druze leader, had just finished eating lunch in a village in Syria's southern Sweida governorate. A short time later, an explosion hit the convoy Balous was travelling in - killing him, his right-hand man, and several others.   As the victims were arriving at the government hospital, there was another blast at the hospital's entrance. More than 25 people were killed and several dozen more were wounded in both bomb explosions. According to SANA, a Syrian state news agency, someone has since confessed to being responsible for the explosions and to belonging to the Nusra Front, one of the rebel groups fighting to end the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.(...)   According to Tobias Long, a researcher and analyst on minorities in the Middle East, the Druze have limited options moving forward. "It's too early to tel...

I'm cited in the leading French daily Le Monde about the situation in Suweida : Le dilemme de la minorité druze de Syrie Par Laure Stephan et Piotr Smolar Mais pour le journaliste et opposant Fadi Dahouk, réfugié à Beyrouth, cet alignement sur le régime pourrait changer, avec l’essor des Cheikhs de la dignité, une autre milice, formée en 2014 par un religieux druze, cheikh Ouadih Al-Bal’ous.  « Nous sommes contre tous ceux qui nous attaquent.  (…)  Si l’Etat nous attaque, il sera notre ennemi »,  affirme le cheikh, qui a pourtant combattu aux côtés du pouvoir. A Soueida, il a obtenu le retrait de points de contrôle militaires. Il a aussi réclamé le retour de prisonniers.  « Le fait qu’il ait eu gain de cause et qu’il puisse ouvertement critiquer la corruption ou les services de renseignements indique  qu’il a acquis une certaine notoriété, et que le régime ne veut pas se mettre à dos les forces druzes » , analyse le politolog...

I'm cited in a report about the Druze in the Israeli occupied Golan Heights featured on Qantara.de, the great online magazine run by Germany's international broadcaster. Squeezed between occupation and civil war   Ylenia Gostoli, Qantara.de (...)Apart from the protest mentioned above, however, most Golanese Druze have distanced themselves from the position of their co-religionists inside Israel. "Over the last decades, the relationships between the Druze in Israel and those in the Golan has been very cold and distant," said Tobias Lang, a political scientist who wrote a book about the Druze minority (...) "The majority of the Druze in Israel serve in the army and accepted a particularistic Israeli-Druze identity, whilst Golani Druze stayed loyal to the motherland." "We don't share most of their demands," said Salman Fakhr Edeen, a resident and researcher at a local human rights NGO. "I myself am against the war. To increase killi...

The Knesset election took place already five month ago, but the traditional paper about the Arab voting behaviour from Tel Aviv University's Konrad Adenauer Center is a welcome opportunity for a supplement. The great thing about the paper is, that you don't have to compile the data of Arab villages from the election commission yourself (not fun at all if you are not literate in Hebrew). Bayan-The Arabs in Israel Issue no. 5, June 2015 (ed. by Itamar Radai & Arik Rudnizky) Let me just highlight a few numbers: The Joint (Arab) List led by Aymen Odeh reached 82.4% in the whole so called Arab sector (i.e. Arab villages and towns including Druze and Circassians - mixed cities with Jewish majority like Haifa or Akko not counted ). If we add the 0.8% of the minor Arab parties who were not part of the Joint List, the Arab parties achieved 83.2% in the Arab sector. This is a rise of 5% compared to the 2013 election. If we have a comparative look at the 2009 election, wh...

Last week I was cited by a couple of media about the current situation between Israel and the Syrian Druze (in English, French & German): Syrian Druze plight tests Israel’s policy of avoiding involvement in civil war Sean Savage, Jewish News Service “The Druze in Idlib and in the Golan/Hermon-region are in a very precarious situation and such a possibility [of massacres] exists, especially in Idlib. Here the Druze are totally at the mercy of Nusra, even though they have already twice declared their conversion to Islam,” Tobias Lang, an Austria-based political analyst and author of the book “Die Drusen in Libanon und Israel” (“The Druze in Lebanon and Israel”), told  JNS.org . (...)   “With the recent dynamic [of the] the massacre in Idlib, the growing Islamic State activity in eastern Sweida, the pushing of other rebels towards Sweida from the west, and the siege of the Druze town of Hader [in the Golan Heights], the Israeli Druze started to get involved on a...